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How US leaders share character traits with psychopaths

Researchers found 'fearless dominance' was a trait found in many successful US presidents - and also a trait common in psychopaths.

A character trait in psychopaths has been identified by scientists as a common thread in successful US presidents.

Fearless dominance, which is linked to less social and physical apprehensiveness, boosts leadership, persuasiveness, crisis management and congressional relations, according to new research.

Theodore Roosevelt, regarded as one of the most influential US leaders even though he was in office more than a hundred years ago, ranked highest for this type of personality followed by John F Kennedy, Franklin D Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan.

Then came Rutherford Hayes, Zachary Taylor, Bill Clinton, Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson and George W Bush.

Fearless and dominant people are often a paradoxical mix of charm and nastiness. Cool and calm under pressure, they not easily rattled.

They lack the same kind of anticipatory anxiety that most people have so are not put off from taking dangerous actions.

They are usually intelligent and wealthy, relishing directing other people’s activities and basking in their admiration.

The analysis, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, drew upon personality assessments of 42 presidents up to George W Bush and compiled by Steven Rubenzer and Thomas Faschingbauer for their book ‘Personality, Character and Leadership in the White House.’

More than a hundred experts including biographers, journalists and scholars who are established authorities on one or more US presidents evaluated their target presidents using standardised psychological measures of personality, intelligence and behaviour.

For rankings on various aspects of job performance, the analysis relied primarily on data from two large surveys of presidential historians.

The rich historical data on presidents, combined with detailed expert rankings, provided a window into an emerging theory some aspects of psychopathy may actually be positive adaptations in certain social situations.

新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們那種無(wú)所畏懼的支配欲，能提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力、口才、危機(jī)管理能力，有助他們與國(guó)會(huì)關(guān)系和諧，但這種支配欲也與較低的社交和生理憂慮感有關(guān)。

西奧多•羅斯福盡管是100多年前的總統(tǒng)，但至今仍被認(rèn)為是最有影響力的美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之一。研究認(rèn)為羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)的這種人格特質(zhì)最突出，其次是約翰•F•肯尼迪、富蘭克林•羅斯福和羅納德•里根。

排在其后的是拉瑟福德•海斯、扎卡里•泰勒、比爾•克林頓、馬丁•范布倫、安德魯•杰克遜和小布什總統(tǒng)。

無(wú)所畏懼、支配欲強(qiáng)的人通常都是魅力和邋遢的矛盾統(tǒng)一體。他們?cè)趬毫ο吕潇o沉著，不輕易感到慌亂。

他們?nèi)鄙俅蠖鄶?shù)人擁有的那種預(yù)期性焦慮，因此他們?cè)诓扇∥ｋU(xiǎn)行動(dòng)時(shí)不會(huì)退縮。

他們通常都聰慧富有，喜歡指揮他人的行動(dòng)，享受他人贊賞的目光。

這一發(fā)表在《人格與社會(huì)心理學(xué)》雜志上的分析報(bào)告基于對(duì)42位總統(tǒng)（最后一位是小布什）的性格分析，由史蒂芬•魯本策和托馬斯•法辛保爾進(jìn)行撰寫，并收錄進(jìn)他們的《白宮中的人格、個(gè)性和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力》一書中。

100多名專家——包括傳記作者、記者和對(duì)一位以上的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)有權(quán)威見(jiàn)識(shí)的學(xué)者——對(duì)他們研究的總統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了評(píng)估，采用的是對(duì)人格、智力和行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化心理測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

在對(duì)總統(tǒng)工作業(yè)績(jī)的各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行排名時(shí)，該分析報(bào)告采用的主要數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源是研究總統(tǒng)的歷史學(xué)家開(kāi)展的兩次大規(guī)模研究的數(shù)據(jù)。

與總統(tǒng)相關(guān)的豐富的歷史資料，再加上詳盡的專家排名，為我們了解這一新生理論打開(kāi)了一扇窗，讓我們意識(shí)到精神變態(tài)的某些方面也許在特定社會(huì)情境下會(huì)變成積極的適應(yīng)能力。

Vocabulary:

psychopath: 精神病患者，心理病態(tài)性格

apprehensiveness: 憂慮感

rattle: 使驚慌，使生氣

bask in: （在某種環(huán)境或情況下）感到愉快或舒適