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2013 年是ETS 對托福考試實施全面改革的第7 個年頭，縱覽本年度獨立寫作的命題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，其仍然符合近幾年ETS 的出題規(guī)律，預計該趨勢在今后的幾年內(nèi)仍將持續(xù)。例如“Agree or Disagree”為獨立寫作的重點題型，具有代表性的話題種類則包括：1. 友誼交際類；2. 教育類；3. 科技類；4. 環(huán)保類；5. 經(jīng)濟類；6. 文化類；7. 個人成功類；8. 人生觀、價值觀；9. 社會生活類；10. 傳媒類。

總體而言，2013 年獨立寫作的話題呈現(xiàn)生活化的特點，諸多題目與人們的日常生活息息相關(guān)，這表明ETS 并非提倡應試者對高深理論進行空洞之談，而是更希望考生充分利用各種實例支撐論點，并在論證過程中全面展現(xiàn)其準確應用語言傳達思想的能力。

2013 年出現(xiàn)頻率較高的獨立寫作話題種類包括：

1. 教育類

2013 年6 月8 日題目：Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do you prefer and why?

2. 科技環(huán)保類

2013 年3 月22 日題目： Though modern agricultural practices damage the environment, feeding the world's growing population is more important than protecting against environmental damage.

2013 年3 月30 日題目： Despite the fact that many countries say they care about environmental problems, the environmental situation will not improve significantly in the future.

2013 年5 月18 日題目：Government should support scientific research even if the research does not have any practical use.

2013 年9 月8 日題目：To increase economic growth, the government should ignore the environmental concerns.

3. 社會生活類

2013 年3 月2 日題目：Our society today is so busy and crowded that people do not need to be polite to each other.

2013 年7 月13 日題目：People rely on their neighbors less now than in the past.

2013 年8 月15 日題目：It is less important to eat with families regularly nowadays.

4. 個人成功類

2013 年1 月13 日題目： It is important to make sure that others know about your strengths and accomplishments; if you are not so, you will be never successful in life.

因此，對于歷年出現(xiàn)頻率較高的熱點話題，建議考生予以足夠的重視。根據(jù)對2013 年中國考生在備戰(zhàn)托福寫作的普遍情況，考生面臨的問題如下：

1. 如何在極其有限的時間內(nèi)提高寫作水平并獲得高分？

2. 如何用英語語言準確傳達自己的思想？

3. 如何科學且高效地使用各種備考資料？

4. 如何在考場上合理地分配時間？

針對這些棘手難題，筆者以ETS 官方寫作評分標準為導向，歸納出5 條高分策略，旨在幫助莘莘學子“撥云見日”，順利實現(xiàn)高分夢想：

一.“語言制勝”策略

語言能力是托福寫作考試考查的重中之重，這也是考生很難在短時間內(nèi)大幅度提高的。若想快速提高語言能力，須從詞匯與句法著手準備。

1．巧妙用詞

1）一詞多義

建議考生在備考過程中重視一詞多義，即靈活應用不同詞匯表達同一種意思，這也是評分標準強調(diào)的重點之一。例如，在表達“大”這個概念時，沒必要機械地重復使用“big”這一個詞，可靈活使用其同義詞：large, tremendous, gigantic, grand 等等。

2）重視連詞

連詞能夠使文章邏輯順暢，語言連貫，建議考生牢記各種連詞如in spite of, in addition, moreover, even though, nevertheless 等。此外，還須注意詞語表達的準確性，因為托福寫作注重考查用語言準確傳達思想，若頻繁使用“高深莫測”的超難詞匯，恐怕會“弄巧成拙”。

2．句法多樣

應用多種“黃金句型”，避免重復單一。建議考生平時多做造句練習，以便更熟練地掌握典型句式?！包S金句型”包括：

1）強調(diào)句。

It is in the process of such an endeavor that people realize the power of unity.

It is the associated responsibility that builds up a solid infrastructure of a group.

2.）倒裝句

Not only will it help one keep a good balance between work and rest, but it can also further benefit him both spiritually and physically.

Good medicine tastes bitter but cures diseases and saves life, so does honest advice.

3）并列結(jié)構(gòu)

Tremendous investments are being made to construct more roads, build more overpasses and develop new bus and subway lines.

Taking up a favorite subject improves performance during their course of study and brings about more satisfactory results.

4）修辭問句

How could a person show pure friendliness to others while wearing a smiling mask?

Shouldn’t the students finish their homework on time?

5）插入語

Other people, however, would rather hold smaller ones within the family.

二.“論證技巧”策略

由于獨立寫作的體裁均為議論文，因此，考生必須靈活運用多重論證技巧，最為典型的論證技巧包括：

1. 例證法

舉例是說服力極強的論證技巧。此外，應盡量使事例具體化。如：...For instance, traffic jam fees were introduced in Singapore in 1975. Since then, Sweden, Britain, Norway, Italy, Portugal and China have followed suit... 又如：Having an intelligent partner by our side is just like receiving charcoal when the snow falls. He is competent enough to offer sincere and applicable suggestions that could drag us out of troubled waters. By making full use of our combined wisdom, problems can be solved easily. Take my cousin as an example: He has just set up his own company. At the very beginning, he was faced with a series of problems in business administration. After consulting his best friend, an MBA student in Harvard, he smoothly tackled those problems. As an old Chinese saying goes, ‘he who gets in contact with vermillion will become red’. A friend’s wisdom and accomplishments can directly influence us in positive ways. 建議考生平時廣泛搜集可作為熱點話題論據(jù)的各種素材，包括名人軼事、歷史事件、新聞報道、生活經(jīng)歷等等，不斷積累，并學會將其恰當?shù)貞糜谡撟C過程之中。

2．因果論證法

因果論證法是深入展開討論的典型論證技巧，恰當使用因果法，可以使段落思路連貫，邏輯明晰，論證嚴謹透徹。因果法論證步驟：提出論點→提出原因→分析條件→得出結(jié)果。如：Besides, TV is also an effective teaching tool that helps enhance learning efficiency. The large variety of education programs are specially designed to make study time more enjoyable. “Follow me,” a popular English learning program, is a perfect example. The superior visual and sound effects help leave a deeper impression on the viewers and improve their learning effectiveness. Therefore, TV does not merely serve for delight but also for education.

3．拆分法

在寫作構(gòu)思過程中，往往需要對論點進行合理拆分，從不同側(cè)面展開論述，以達到論證邏輯的全面性。例如：Secondly, travelling expenditures may be cut down and much money can be saved. Regarding the accommodation on the journey, companions can share a double room in a hotel. Thus, each of them only has to pay half of the room price. The same is true with eating. It is a most popular choice for travelers to go dutch when having meals in restaurants. In this way, not only can they enjoy more dishes, but they can also spend less money than people who dine alone. In addition, on the trip, there might be the necessity to rent vehicles. Likewise, transportation costs can be shared equally between them as well.

三.“真題完勝”策略

托福寫作考試的命題趨勢表明，考題重復出現(xiàn)的概率很高，因此，機經(jīng)的參考價值不容小覷。建議考生在平時寫作練習過程中，充分選用最近幾年考過的寫作真題，對過去幾年考過的題目進行分類整理，并有針對的進行練習，以求“事半功倍”。

四.“贏在范文”策略

高分范文無疑是參考價值最高的寫作備考資料。然而，很多考生因不知如何借助典型優(yōu)秀范文快速提高寫作成績而苦惱。

首先，應當挑選題目新、話題多樣、寫法全面的高質(zhì)量范文資料，這一點至關(guān)重要，倘若范文質(zhì)量欠佳，勢必會影響備考效率。然后，按照如下步驟使用范文資料：

第1 步，通讀30 篇高分范文，注意尋找文章的寫作思路和主要論點，把握整體框架。以《托福高分范文大全》中的文章為例，2013 年6 月15 日考題：

The way a person dresses in is a good indication of his/her personality and character. 通讀此文時，應找到文章主要論點：1. 著裝習慣反映個人偏好；2. 著裝習慣透露了性格的某些方面；3. 除了著裝習慣，行為和舉止是性格的更真實體現(xiàn)。

第2 步，精讀10 篇范文，理清每句話之間的關(guān)系。如：Relatives were co-habitants inside a large house where more intimate relationships could be stably maintained and carried on. Nowadays, however, nuclear families are taking up the greatest ratio of social build-up... 這兩句話之間形成了轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系。又如：Minor setbacks might cause a loss of confidence, or even produce overwhelming distress. Therefore I think it is unrealistic to expect a person who is down in spirit to accomplish their goals. 這兩句話之間形成了因果邏輯關(guān)系

第3 步，詳細分析10 篇范文，弄懂每句話內(nèi)部的關(guān)系以及每句話之間的關(guān)系。如：In addition, obsessed with computer games, children are gradually becoming slaves under the control of the pre-designed game modes. As a matter of fact, it is not only a waste of time, but may also considerably mislead children mentally... 在這段話中，標志詞in addition 表明首句承前啟后，該句中，過去分詞短語obssessed with... 表原因，children are usually... 是原因所導致的結(jié)果。第二句是對首句的進一步解釋說明，注意not only...but also... 這個典型句式的應用。

第4 步，選取經(jīng)過詳細分析的10 篇范文題目進行仿寫練習。

第5 步，再選取另外10 道題目進行寫作練習，完成后與范文對照，尋找自己的優(yōu)點與不足之處。

五．“臨場實戰(zhàn)”策略

毋庸置疑，合理安排考試時間是取得優(yōu)異成績的關(guān)鍵所在。對于獨立寫作而言，通常應按照如下步驟完成答題：首先，審題并確定立場；然后，確定分論點，構(gòu)建文章框架；下一步，全面展開論述；最后，通讀全文，進行必要的修改。

綜上所述，無論是在艱苦的備考過程之中，還是在緊張壓抑的考場之上，托福寫作高分策略勢必將有助于增強考生必勝的信心，進而確保其高水平發(fā)揮，并最終獲得理想的分數(shù)。