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[摘要]2015年5月9日進(jìn)行的托?？荚囉泻涡骂}型？各種托福題目難度如何？下面是為大家準(zhǔn)備的最新托?？荚噧?nèi)容和詳解，將帶領(lǐng)大家一起來(lái)對(duì)最新聽(tīng)力考試部分進(jìn)行回顧與解析，同時(shí)祝各位考生學(xué)習(xí)愉快！

Conversation 1

一個(gè)姑娘找教授咨詢有關(guān)論文資料，說(shuō)到silver對(duì)一些城市的影響，還有礦城的衰落等。

-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考 （論文科研 TPO13-C1/TPO17-C1）

-TPO對(duì)應(yīng)詞匯

科研過(guò)程

Hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis擇一假說(shuō)

Null hypothesis無(wú)效假說(shuō), 零假說(shuō)

Collect data

Survey, questionnaire

Experiment

Interfere, influence

Observation

Analyze data

Interpret data

Analysis

Analytical

Subject

Sample

Treatment group

Non-treatment

Control group

Lecture 1

New computerizing and old computerizing

-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考 （計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)類(lèi)TPO21-L2）

-參考背景

Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating algorithmic processes—e.g. through computers. Computing includes designing, developing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; and creating and using communications and entertainment media. The field of computing includes computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems, and information technology.

Lecture 2

建筑學(xué)有關(guān)。講了一個(gè)新型節(jié)能建筑。

-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考（建筑學(xué)類(lèi)TPO11-L2/TPO13-L1）

-參考背景

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the using of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. In other words, green building design involves finding the balance between homebuilding and the sustainable environment. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council.

Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:

• Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

• Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity

• Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do, especially through public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.

Conversation 2

學(xué)生職業(yè)規(guī)劃跟找工作有關(guān)，提供的幫助等等。

-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考 （求職打工TPO6-C1/TPO18-C1）

-TPO對(duì)應(yīng)詞匯

校內(nèi)工作，課外活動(dòng)

及尋找經(jīng)濟(jì)援助：

Letter of reference/recommendation

Competitive

Benefit future career

Field research

Collect data for papers

Waiter, waitress，Babysitter

Work at the library

Qualification資格, qualified 合格的

Resume, CV

financial aid經(jīng)濟(jì)援助

Scholarship Fellowship

Teaching assistantship 助教獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

Research assistantship 研究獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

Grant 助學(xué)金

Loan 貸款

Need-based以需求為基礎(chǔ)

Merit-based 以優(yōu)秀為基礎(chǔ)

Student union 學(xué)生會(huì)

Clubs 俱樂(lè)部

Membership 成員資格

Career service

Lecture 3

到歐洲中世紀(jì)人口sharp decrease原因，在中世紀(jì)之前Roman Empire統(tǒng)治世界，從龐貝遺跡之類(lèi)的都能看出那時(shí)候人口是很多的，但是中世紀(jì)的時(shí)候人口驟降是為什么呢？一個(gè)原因是建造房子的材料，中世紀(jì)的時(shí)候是organic material容易decay腐爛，所以沒(méi)有找到什么證據(jù)。后面講到demographic distribution map有些地方是空白的。

-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考 （人類(lèi)學(xué)類(lèi)TPO7-L3/TPO22-L1）

-參考背景

Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. It is an estimate of the number of people who were alive during the Medieval period, population trends, life expectancy, family structure, and related issues. In many ways, demography was one of the most crucial factors of historical change throughout the Middle Ages.

The population of Europe was stable at a low level in the Early Middle Ages, boomed during the High Middle Ages, reached a stable peak from about 1250-1350, then a number of calamities caused a steep decline, the nature of which historians have debated. Population levels then slowly expanded, gaining momentum in the early 16th century.

The science of medieval demography relies on various lines of evidence, such as administrative records, wills and other types of records, archaeological field data, economic data, and written histories. Because the data are often incomplete and/or ambiguous, there can be significant disagreement among medieval demographers.

Lecture 4

Fishing aggregation，魚(yú)群聚集現(xiàn)象。學(xué)生現(xiàn)提出兩個(gè)可能：protect against predator/ food resource。然后兩個(gè)Spanish challenge this說(shuō)只有病嬌的金槍魚(yú)在成年之后還躲在漂浮物下，其他的魚(yú)早就不躲了。老師舉例說(shuō)coloration過(guò)程，最后講到 fishing aggregation device，捕魚(yú)的人利用這個(gè)特質(zhì)抓金槍魚(yú)，但不捕未成年的。

-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考 （生態(tài)學(xué)類(lèi)TPO13-L2/TPO15-L4）

-參考背景

A fish aggregating (or aggregation) device (FAD) is a man-made object used to attract ocean going pelagic fish such as marlin, tuna and mahi-mahi (dolphin fish). They usually consist of buoys or floats tethered to the ocean floor with concrete blocks. Over 300 species of fish gather around FADs. FADs attract fish for numerous reasons that vary by species.

Fish tend to move around FADs in varying orbits, rather than remaining stationary below the buoys. Both recreational and commercial fisheries use FADs.

Before FADs, commercial tuna fishing used purse seining to target surface-visible aggregations of birds and dolphins, which were a reliable signal of the presence of tuna schools below. The demand for dolphin-safe tuna was a driving force for FADs.

Fish are fascinated with floating objects. They use them to mark locations for mating activities. They aggregate in considerable numbers around objects such as drifting flotsam, rafts, jellyfish and floating seaweed. The objects appear to provide a "visual stimulus in an optical void", and offer some protection for juvenile fish from predators. The gathering of juvenile fish, in turn, attracts larger predator fish. A study using sonar in French Polynesia, found large shoals of juvenile bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna aggregated closest to the devices, 10 to 50m. Further out, 50 to 150m, was a less dense group of larger yellow fin and albacore tuna. Yet further out, to 500m, was a dispersed group of various large adult tuna. The distribution and density of these groups was variable and overlapped. The FADs were also used by other fish, and the aggregations dispersed when it was dark.