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[摘要]最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在高考(課程)試題中，命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來(lái)分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來(lái)高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析，以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。

一、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have +done”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，高考試題中常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用 “對(duì)立統(tǒng)一”來(lái)概括。

1.當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，我們可用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

must have done： 表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)，常譯作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can't/couldn't have done 疑問(wèn)式為Can/Could...have done?。

could /might have done：表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè)，常譯作“可能做了……”。如：

1) Sorry I'm late. I _____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. (北京 2000春)

A. might B. should C. can D. will

該題前句說(shuō)明了結(jié)果，后句接著說(shuō)出了產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)果的可能性，對(duì)前句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。分析選項(xiàng)可知本題應(yīng)選A。

2) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ____ your lecture. (上海 2000)

A.couldn't have attended

B.needn't have attended

C.mustn't have attended

D.shouldn't have attended

該題前句敘說(shuō)一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，后句對(duì)前句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，分析選項(xiàng)可知C是錯(cuò)誤的; 而B(niǎo)、D兩項(xiàng)不符合題意。故本題選A。又如：

Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. (上海'97)

A.mustn't have arrived

B.shouldn't have arrived

C.can't have arrived

D.need not have arrived (C)

2.當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來(lái)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這時(shí)我們就可以用“對(duì)立”關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有：

should have done / ought to have done：表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。

should not have done / ought not to have done：表示過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。

need have done：表示過(guò)去本來(lái)有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做。

need not have done：表示過(guò)去本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如：

3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word. (NMET2001)

A.mustn't leave B.shouldn't have left

C.couldn't have left D.needn't leave

分析該題前后句之間的關(guān)系和語(yǔ)氣可知，事實(shí)上是 “本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了”，故本題選B。

4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her. (NMET'94)

A.had to write it out

B.must have written it out

C.should have written it out

D.ought to write it out

由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選C。

二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查考生對(duì)那些最常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境中所含的實(shí)際意義，并結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。

5) —Is John coming by train?

—He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car. (NMET2002)

A.must B.can C.need D.may

mustn't 表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”;cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not 表示“可能不”。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選D。

6) —I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins.___ I have a look?

—Yes, certainly. (北京2002春)

A.Do B.May C. Shall D.Should

分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語(yǔ)氣比較委婉 shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和指示，如果此空用shall，則意為“要(我)看一下嗎?”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。

7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? (上海2001春)

A.can B.should C.may D.must

must be 表示肯定的猜測(cè)，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。

8) —Are you coming to Jeff's party?

—I'm not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. (NMET2000)

A.must B.would C.should D.might

由題意和下句中的 “I'm not sure” 可知這段對(duì)話中存在一種可能性推測(cè)，might可以用來(lái)表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D。又如：

I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time. (上海2000春)

A.would B.could C.might D.should

分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過(guò)去的某種能力;C 項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選B。

9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself. (NMET'96)

A.won't; can't B.mustn't; may

C.shouldn't; must D.can't; shouldn't

mustn't 表示“不可以;禁止”，分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性，故本題選B。

10) —Will you stay for lunch

—Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET'99)

A.I mustn't B.I can't C.I needn't D.I won't

分析題意可知因?yàn)?ldquo;我弟弟要來(lái)看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此對(duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項(xiàng)表示“禁止”;C項(xiàng)表示“不必要”;而D項(xiàng)表示“不會(huì)”，均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如：

—Could I borrow your dictionary?

—Yes, of course you _____.(MET'92)

A.might B.will C.can D.should (C)

11)—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

—They _____ be ready by 1200. (NMET'98)

A.can B.should C.might D.need

該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如：

The old man is always hunting the lions, so terrible things ____ happen to him.(上海'96)

A.might B.would C.should D. could ?

12)The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.(NMET'97)

A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to

該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的能力，但如果表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do，故本題選D。

13)—Shall I tell John about it?

—No, you ___.I've told him already. (NMET'94)

A.needn't B.wouldn't C.mustn't D.shouldn't

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示 “沒(méi)有必要了”，故本題選A。