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托福考試的閱讀部分通常包含三篇文章或者四篇文章，每篇文章后總題數(shù)為13-14， 需要學(xué)生在60-80分鐘內(nèi)完成。2014年新托福考試中，閱讀部分的題型，題量總體不會發(fā)生變化。

但是需要考生注意的是，在第四版官方指南的三套模擬題目中，每套模擬題的后面都會有分?jǐn)?shù)換算表格，其中有的模擬題目的總題點(diǎn)是39，有的raw points total是42，也有45的情況。而根據(jù)2013年新托福考試的總結(jié)，目前總題點(diǎn)在42-45最為常見，其中以45 最為常見。所以考生在課下練習(xí)時(shí)，注意題量和時(shí)間的安排。

此外，新托福的閱讀考試通常為700-800字左右的學(xué)術(shù)文章，根據(jù)官方指南，以及TPO 的文章情況，通常我們練習(xí)的文章大約為4-5 個(gè)自然段左右，也有自然段數(shù)更多的文章，例如官方指南第二篇的Desert Formation 更是多達(dá)10 個(gè)自然段。在文章字?jǐn)?shù)總體不變的情況下，一篇文章的段落越多，段落篇幅越小，閱讀難度越低。但是，在真正的新托?？荚嚠?dāng)中，目前的趨勢是，閱讀的字?jǐn)?shù)不變的情況下，段落數(shù)越來越少，也就意味著段落篇幅加大，對于學(xué)生的閱讀難度也就相應(yīng)提升。筆者本人在2013.8 月參加的新托福考試中，真題閱讀部分的三篇文章中，有兩篇文章都是只有三個(gè)自然段的大段落閱讀文章。因此，考生為了應(yīng)對新托?？荚嚨淖钚纶厔?，需要注意多練習(xí)大段落閱讀以及在大段落的情況下定位找答案的能力。除上述變化外，目前十大題型中的指代題基本已經(jīng)不考，但是相應(yīng)的指代的原則有可能融入到其他題目中考場，最常見的考查方式即放在句子簡化題或者句子插入題中一并考查。

以上是新托福考試2014 的最新趨勢，接下來我們分別就閱讀的不同題型進(jìn)行探討：

1. 詞匯題 Vocabulary questions

在托福考試當(dāng)中，詞匯題的主要目的是考察考生能否識別詞匯在陌生語境中的含義。既然強(qiáng)調(diào)語境，那么通過識別生詞附近的語境含義，往往可以推測出生詞的含義。我們來看一道新托?？荚嚬俜街改仙系念}目：

Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.

6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Explained

○ Visible

○ Identified

○ Located

這道題目很多同學(xué)會選擇第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（locate： 坐落于…），將這個(gè)含義帶入到語句當(dāng)中，意思也通順，指Basilosaurus 坐落于撒哈拉沙漠。但是這里需要注意的是，托福的詞匯題并不是選項(xiàng)帶入搭配合適就一定能找到正確答案，而是應(yīng)該從語境入手來選擇。正確的做法是，首先查看生詞附近有無并列，轉(zhuǎn)折等語境上的含義暗示。本句當(dāng)中，生詞的前方有“and”來暗示并列，而從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，前半句中的動(dòng)詞“found”，意思是“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，那么后半句的exposed 對應(yīng)語境也應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)現(xiàn)某物，即找到，或者看見某物。因此這道題目的正確答案選擇B（visible：可看見的）。

2. 指代題 Reference questions

指代題在托?？荚囍蓄}量大約為0-2 個(gè)，主要考察學(xué)生能否找到原文中代詞的指代對象。解決指代題最基本的原則為：單復(fù)數(shù)與人稱一致，前指且符合句意。

It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

5. The word it in the passage refers to

○ Pakicetus

○ Fish

○ Life

○ ocean

本句代詞作主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上指代上一句話主句中的名詞主語，即A 選項(xiàng)的Pakicetus。也可以采用帶入的方法，將選項(xiàng)逐一帶入，符合搭配的只有A 選項(xiàng)，其余選項(xiàng)，B fish魚類，C life 生命，D ocean 海洋， 都無法“bred and gave birth，哺育后代”。 目前十大題型中的指代題基本已經(jīng)不考，但是相應(yīng)的指代的原則有可能融入到其他題目中考查，最常見的考查方式即放在句子簡化題或者句子插入題中一并考查。

3. 句子簡化題 Sentence Simplification questions

句子簡化題是新題型之一，在這里我們先講解一下。對于句子簡化題，有一些題目如果句子不長，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。找到原句中的關(guān)鍵詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如，

In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

先來看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對我們讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分（apart from）。因此找到同義替換，即是C 項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會是一個(gè)簡單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢？我們主要分兩個(gè)部分來解析。

其實(shí)，我們在讀原句的時(shí)候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間。

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解題思路：

句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關(guān)系。原句的邏輯關(guān)系可以由result from 來判斷，為因果關(guān)系。借此我們就可以縮小選項(xiàng)范圍，首先排除掉C,D 選項(xiàng)。剩下的A,B 兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)均包含因果的邏輯關(guān)系。接下來我們可以根據(jù)句子的第二種核心信息：主語，來判斷。原句的主語是Desertification 沙漠化，而B 項(xiàng)的主語是Slowing down the process of desertification 減緩沙漠化進(jìn)程。所以排除掉B 選項(xiàng)，A 為正確答案。

將通過程度詞解題和借助邏輯關(guān)系解題結(jié)合起來，對于解答帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看下面這道題目：

It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.

B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.

C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.

D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.

( 本題節(jié)選自，新托?？荚噦淇疾呗耘c模擬試題，群言出版社，P150，第1 題)

瀏覽原句，從because 可以看出邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，并且原句當(dāng)中有絕對化詞匯most。僅僅憑借most 這個(gè)程度很強(qiáng)的詞匯我們可以排除C 選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵漠?dāng)中帶有絕對化詞匯而選項(xiàng)中沒有，那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)為必錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)。接下來利用邏輯關(guān)系排除A 項(xiàng)，A 中為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而B 恰恰有because 這個(gè)詞，此外B 中的extremely 可以作為most的同義替換。正確答案為B。

幾乎每一篇文章后面都會有一道釋義題，因此考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。平時(shí)在閱讀文章，或者報(bào)刊雜志的時(shí)候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應(yīng)該注意原文的邏輯關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系思考的習(xí)慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會影響我們對原文的精確理解，平時(shí)閱讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)多加關(guān)注。

4. 句子插入題 Insert Text questions

█ Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. █ Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. █ In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. █ He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were

being depicted in them.

12. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.

解題思路：

Insert Text question。該題型要求考生將一句話插入到原文四個(gè)黑色空格的其中一個(gè)當(dāng)中，使得段落看起來更通順。首先可以從這個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子中找到暗示點(diǎn)，例如，本題待插入句子為：This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods. 主語部分為：這個(gè)對于感情的認(rèn)知的普遍性。如果待插入句子中出現(xiàn)代詞，則代詞所指內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)在該句之前出現(xiàn)，結(jié)合這道題目，在這個(gè)句子應(yīng)當(dāng)插入的空之前必有：對于感情認(rèn)知的普遍性。這道題目選擇第三個(gè)黑色方框，其之前的句子為：

Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. 意思是：另外，來自不同文化背景的人能夠通過面部表情的識別來判斷對方的情緒。來自不同文化背景的人都可以判斷出來，這里暗示了universality 普遍性。同時(shí)，放在第三個(gè)空也可以對應(yīng)后面的內(nèi)容。待插入句子說到“demonstrated by using rather simple methods”：可以用簡單的方式證明，對應(yīng)第三個(gè)空后方的句子：In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs（在經(jīng)典的研究項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中）。

再來看一道題目，

Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■ Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■ The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." ■ By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. ■ Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

11. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.

首先我們來看待插入句子：According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. 本句的前半句說道，According to Freud,（根據(jù)弗洛伊德的理論）; 后半句：impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. 被壓抑的沖動(dòng)會持續(xù)存在并且需要表達(dá)。這個(gè)句子是一句概括性的陳述，一般概括性陳述的后方需要有具體的細(xì)節(jié)句子來提供支持解釋。所以這道題目選擇第二個(gè)空。第二空格之后緊跟：The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines."（從某種意義上講，弗洛伊德的觀點(diǎn)是將人類看做“蒸汽機(jī)”）。這里既可以對應(yīng)Freud，又有具體的細(xì)節(jié)交代，說持續(xù)存在的沖動(dòng)，就好比蒸汽機(jī)，這里的steam engines是解釋他觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)。

再來看一道題目，

■ Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■ Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■ In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■ They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.

解題思路： 此題的帶插入句子當(dāng)中并沒有代詞， 這時(shí)我們可以根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞來解答題目。帶插入句子當(dāng)中的Consequently（結(jié)果是...）可以給我們暗示。帶插入句子的含義為：結(jié)果是，tunas（金槍魚）不需要吸水。那么該句子的前方應(yīng)該在陳述關(guān)于導(dǎo)致金槍魚不需要吸水的內(nèi)容。此題正確答案選C。在第三個(gè)空格之前的這句話：...they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. （金槍魚失去了像其他魚類的嘴里所擁有的一塊肌肉，這塊肌肉用于吸水和從腮里排水。）既然已經(jīng)失去了這塊用來吸水的肌肉，那么自然緊接著陳述，其結(jié)果，即金槍魚不再需要吸水。

5. 細(xì)節(jié)題 Factual Information questions

細(xì)節(jié)題是托福考試當(dāng)中題量最大的一種題型，主要是對原文的事實(shí)信息進(jìn)行提問來考察學(xué)生的信息檢索能力和閱讀能力，并且所有的選項(xiàng)都會出現(xiàn)原文的信息來對考生進(jìn)行干擾。例如：

The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7° C (45° F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25° C (77° F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.

10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?

○ Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.

○ Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.

○ They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.

○ They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.

做細(xì)節(jié)題的第一步就是“定位”，要找到原文答案所在的區(qū)間。題干中問到“bluefin tunas”，我們回到原文，找到定位句：…A bluefin tuna in water of 7° C (45° F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25° C (77° F)…，即藍(lán)鰭金槍魚可以在低于自己體溫（25° C）的水溫（7° C）中生活，所以正確答案選擇第三個(gè)。而其它干擾選項(xiàng)在原文均有出現(xiàn)，但是并不屬于題干所問內(nèi)容。

6. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )

首先我們來介紹一下否定信息題，Negative Factual Information questions。這種題型的提問方式一般為：

According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X?

The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT ?

在解答這種題目的時(shí)候首先要注意的是避免慣性思維的影響。在前面講過的所有題目當(dāng)中，或者是平時(shí)大家的做題習(xí)慣當(dāng)中，我們都是看到與原文相符或者和原文一樣的選項(xiàng)就選，但是到了這個(gè)題目，需要選擇不屬于題干內(nèi)容或者與原文相反的選項(xiàng)，這是需要注意的一點(diǎn)。

一般這種題目的定位范圍都在原文的某一個(gè)或者兩個(gè)自然段，所以第一步需要的就是根據(jù)題目大定位到某個(gè)自然段，然后根據(jù)選項(xiàng)特征對應(yīng)原文進(jìn)行選題。我們來看一個(gè)例題：

Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, inturn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's

○ Moral values

○ Previous experiences with aggression

○ Instinct to avoid aggression

○ Beliefs about other people's intentions

這道題目的定位范圍是兩個(gè)自然段，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)會the decision whether to act aggressively，有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)不會“影響一個(gè)人決定是否要表現(xiàn)的具有侵略性”，我們要選擇這個(gè)選項(xiàng)。首先，在第七自然段的第二句“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.”中就提到moral values，對應(yīng)A 選項(xiàng)。其次，在第八自然段中，第四句“People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.” 中提到兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)， 一個(gè)是“their experiences with aggression”對應(yīng)B 選項(xiàng)，另外一個(gè)是“interpretation of other people's motives”對應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。只有C 選項(xiàng)的instinct 沒有提到，這道題目選擇C 選項(xiàng)。

7. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )

Inference questions 推理題

推理題的標(biāo)志是在題干中出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞匯，它和細(xì)節(jié)題屬于同源題目，都需要定位并且根據(jù)文中信息來選擇答案。與細(xì)節(jié)題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點(diǎn)之后考察的是學(xué)生對于文中信息的總結(jié)概括，或者反向推理的能力。我們來看一道例題，

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○ It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○ There were great numbers of them.

○ They lived in the sea only.

○ They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我們來對題目的出題范圍進(jìn)行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters 不一樣的是，whales 的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什么樣子。而sea ottter 是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項(xiàng)，即不難看出第一頭sea otter 長什么樣子。所以實(shí)際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學(xué)們在做題的時(shí)候推的過遠(yuǎn)，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。

8. Rhetorical Purpose questions 目的題

目的題的提問方式一般為：

Why does the author mention/include/use …?

The author …in order to …

The author uses the example to ?

…for … purpose?

這種題目一般問的是作者舉某個(gè)例子，說某句話的目的是什么，判斷好題干是第一步。一般的閱讀文章的思路，作者在舉例子的時(shí)候的主要目的都是為了證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，所以在做這類題目的時(shí)候，真正的解題關(guān)鍵在于，所問例子前方的觀點(diǎn)，我們來看一道例題：

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

○ Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○ To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○ Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

○ Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

題目問，作者為什么引用工人的話。工人的話“One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines."”在文章的第三句出現(xiàn)，作為和例子一樣的目的，來支持本段的觀點(diǎn)句，即第一句，The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily.（第一代經(jīng)歷這些變化的人沒有輕易的適應(yīng)新的觀點(diǎn)）。所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該為觀點(diǎn)句的同義替換。正確答案選擇A，即支持一種觀點(diǎn)，對于工人來說很難調(diào)整在工廠工作。B 選項(xiàng)里面的工人退出（workers sometimes quit）沒有提到，C 選項(xiàng)里面的clocks did not have a useful function（鐘表不能發(fā)揮有效作用）不對，最后D 選項(xiàng)里面說到當(dāng)工人抱怨的時(shí)候工廠最成功，顯然是不正確的。

但是不是所有的作者目的題，都只是段落的第一句話。每個(gè)段落的topic sentence 位置不一樣，或者說，每個(gè)例子對應(yīng)的topic sentence 位置不一樣。我們再來看一個(gè)例子，

Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintingsmust have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

6. Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?

○ To provide an example of a problem related to the

laws of physics that a fine artist must overcome

○ To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the

laws of physics

○ To contrast the relative sophistication of modern

artists in solving problems related to the laws of

physics

○ To note an exceptional piece of art constructed

without the aid of technology

在這道題目當(dāng)中，我們需要先確定例子的位置，即加了陰影的地方。這個(gè)題目的特色是，出題點(diǎn)是一個(gè)非常長的自然段，一般這種比較長的自然段往往會有段落分層或者段中的轉(zhuǎn)折，這樣的話我們需要確定例子所在的位置在哪一層或者是在轉(zhuǎn)折前還是轉(zhuǎn)折后。我們先來分析一下這個(gè)段落的結(jié)構(gòu)：

Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. 這句話對前面的內(nèi)容作了否定，即：這種假設(shè)忽視了兩個(gè)規(guī)律之間的重要差別。 Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. 這句才是例子真正對應(yīng)的核心句，作者舉例子是為了證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn) For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had... 在這個(gè)段落當(dāng)中，例子所對應(yīng)的topic sentence 變成了第八句，即These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.（這些都是藝術(shù)家必須克服的問題...）根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句的同義替換，我們選擇第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)作為正確答案，即To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist must overcome （舉一個(gè)關(guān)于藝術(shù)家必須跨越的關(guān)于物理學(xué)規(guī)律的例子）

9. Prose Summary 小結(jié)題

小結(jié)題是每一篇文章最后的那一道大題，需要從六個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出三個(gè)作為正確答案，每一題兩分。我們首先來分析一下這個(gè)題目的題干要求：

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

（一個(gè)總結(jié)性句子已經(jīng)給出。通過選擇三個(gè)選項(xiàng)來完成這個(gè)總結(jié)，所選的選項(xiàng)需要表達(dá)原文最重要的信息。有些選項(xiàng)不屬于總結(jié)性選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樗麄儽磉_(dá)了沒在原文中出現(xiàn)的信息或者是原文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息。此題兩分。）通過分析題干給出的具體信息，我們能夠看出，這道題目的關(guān)鍵要求在于選擇重要信息，總結(jié)性信息。也就意味著，有的選項(xiàng)雖然正確，但是如果它表達(dá)的是原文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息，那么依然不能作為正確答案，這是這道題目中最難的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。

讓我們來看一道例題:

13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

This question is worth 2 points. This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.

Answer Choices

1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.

2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.

4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.

5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.

6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.

這是每篇文章最后的一個(gè)大題，基于全文的基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行提問，所以，我們可以根據(jù)文章的關(guān)鍵句，先來判斷這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容。以下摘選了文章的每個(gè)自然段的關(guān)鍵句，我們一起

來看一下：

THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS

第一自然段：It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. …

第二自然段：Very exciting discoveries have finally__ allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …

第三自然段：The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …

第四自然段：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …

第五自然段：An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …

首先，第一自然段綜述關(guān)于鯨類動(dòng)物是哺乳動(dòng)物的事實(shí)，到了第二自然段開始揭示鯨類動(dòng)物起源的具體細(xì)節(jié)，說到科學(xué)家有一些重要發(fā)現(xiàn)，到了第三自然段開始交待第一種化石的名稱Pakicetus。第四自然段又提到另外一種化石發(fā)現(xiàn)，名字為Basilosaurus，最后一自然段提到第三種化石發(fā)現(xiàn)Ambulocetus natans，總結(jié)來說，這篇文章通過介紹三個(gè)化石來揭示了鯨類的起源。

接下來，我們來看以下選項(xiàng)，首先來看第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)：

1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.（ 最近的化石發(fā)現(xiàn)幫助解釋了陸生哺乳動(dòng)物與鯨類之間的關(guān)系），此選項(xiàng)概括了本文的主要信息，因此可以算作小結(jié)題的答案。2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.（ 化石Ambulocetus natans 的發(fā)現(xiàn)提供了關(guān)于鯨及生活在陸地上又生活在海里的依據(jù)），Ambulocetus natans 是本文三個(gè)重要化石之一， 且在本選項(xiàng)中體現(xiàn)了Ambulocetus natans 化石對于揭示鯨類起源的重要作用，因此算作小總結(jié)信息從而作為正確選項(xiàng)。3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.（Basilosaurus 在一個(gè)叫做Tethys Sea 的地方被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)地方有很多的化石），此選項(xiàng)中雖然提到了本文的一個(gè)重要化石Basilosaurus，但是并沒有陳述Basilosaurus 對于揭示鯨類起源的作用，因此不能算作正確答案。換句話說，只提到Basilosaurus 化石所發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)是不足以作為本文的小結(jié)信息的。4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.（Pakicetus 是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的最古老的鯨類化石），此選項(xiàng)也提到了本文中重要化石Pakicetus，但并沒有提到Pakicetus 對于揭示鯨類起源的作用，因此不能作為小結(jié)題的重要選項(xiàng)。5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between

walking mammals and swimming whales were found.（被認(rèn)為是陸生哺乳動(dòng)物與水生鯨類之間的過渡化石被發(fā)現(xiàn)），此選項(xiàng)概括了本文的主要內(nèi)容，本文的主旨內(nèi)容即是講述鯨類原本是陸生哺乳動(dòng)物的事實(shí)，因此，5 是正確選項(xiàng)。6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.（Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用來在水中前進(jìn)），本選項(xiàng)貌似也提到了重要化石Ambulocetus natans，但是Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用來在水中前進(jìn)是一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)信息，因此不能作為正確答案。所以，本題的正確答案為125.

（注：騰訊網(wǎng)登載此文出于豐富信息之目的，文章內(nèi)容僅供參考。）