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英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)四考試閱讀項(xiàng)目是對(duì)考生在英語(yǔ)閱讀能力方面的檢驗(yàn)，要求學(xué)生在考試中充分展示自己真實(shí)的閱讀水平。所以要想取得好成績(jī)，就需要我們平時(shí)勤學(xué)苦練，從掌握閱讀技巧的基本方法著手，逐步、有效地提高閱讀能力。以下部分將舉例說(shuō)明閱讀時(shí)所涉及的方面。

正式閱讀前的預(yù)讀

要進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)閱讀，必須首先具有一定的詞匯量（包括固定詞組）和語(yǔ)法積累。但是這并不等于閱讀就過(guò)了關(guān)；我們還必須掌握一定的閱讀方法或技巧，才能對(duì)原文有更準(zhǔn)確和深刻的理解。特別在閱讀一些不大熟悉的材料時(shí)，閱讀技巧就顯得尤為重要，正式閱讀前的預(yù)讀就是首先應(yīng)該掌握的技巧。

有些學(xué)生不管在平時(shí)還是在考試時(shí)，一拿到文章后，馬上就開(kāi)始仔細(xì)閱讀文章中的每個(gè)句子。因此往往一段讀下來(lái)，還不知該文章的主題。這樣既費(fèi)時(shí)，理解效果也不好。比較可取的方法是: 在正式閱讀前，先預(yù)讀一遍，然后再細(xì)讀每個(gè)句子。如果不習(xí)慣通讀全文，或者在考試中時(shí)間不允許，那么至少也應(yīng)該讀其中一段或幾個(gè)句子，然后再逐句細(xì)讀。這樣做的目的是為了了解全文或某一段的大致內(nèi)容，既有利于讀者根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的詞義，分析詞和詞、句和句之間的關(guān)系，也有利于讀者根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容涉及的領(lǐng)域、人物、地理等背景情況，從自己的頭腦里調(diào)用相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)來(lái)幫助理解文章的內(nèi)容，提高閱讀效率。事實(shí)上，通讀和細(xì)讀相結(jié)合本身就是基本閱讀技巧之一。

在正式閱讀一篇文章（尤其是較長(zhǎng)篇幅的文章）之前，以下的步驟能幫助讀者更有效地組織思路、理解原文: 仔細(xì)閱讀文章的標(biāo)題（如果有的話）；閱讀諸如副標(biāo)題、斜體字、黑體字等內(nèi)容，快速瀏覽圖表、數(shù)字，以便了解主題內(nèi)容和寫(xiě)作目的；閱讀文章的第一段和以后各段的第一和最后一個(gè)句子，因?yàn)樵S多作者常常把他們要表達(dá)的中心大意放在段落的第一句或最后一句里；如果存在一個(gè)結(jié)論性的段落，也應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀。通過(guò)預(yù)讀方式，讀者能基本了解文章的中心大意，語(yǔ)言的難度，以及細(xì)讀時(shí)可能會(huì)遇到的問(wèn)題。預(yù)讀時(shí)還應(yīng)帶著問(wèn)題閱讀，這些問(wèn)題將有助于讀者決定他們細(xì)讀時(shí)所需要的閱讀技巧。下面是一些閱讀問(wèn)題的例子。

1. 我是否熟悉文章所涉及的話題？

2. 文章的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格是文學(xué)性的（literary），還是事實(shí)性的(factual)？

3. 對(duì)于這樣的文章，我是否能以較快的閱讀速度來(lái)獲得較好的理解？

4. 作者的寫(xiě)作目的是什么？

5. 文章整體的語(yǔ)言難度如何？詞匯是普通詞匯還是專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯？

6. 作者通過(guò)這篇文章想告訴我們什么？

7. 文章能回答哪些主要問(wèn)題？

快速預(yù)讀下面一篇文章，時(shí)間控制在一分鐘內(nèi)。在預(yù)讀過(guò)程中可隨手寫(xiě)下幾個(gè)你認(rèn)為完成閱讀本文后可得到答案的問(wèn)題。

Those Funny Things Your Body Does

Gooseflesh, dimples, yawning — they may seem strange to you, but your body knows what its doing.

What Causes “Butterflies” in the Stomachs?

Your body is often a road map of your emotions — blushing, gooseflesh, and that quivering sensation in your stomach when youre nervous or anxious are all psychosomatic reactions. States of emotional excitability bring on muscular contractions throughout the body, resulting in generalized tension. “Butterflies” in your stomach is merely a localized tension state, caused by muscle spasms in the stomach and intestines, as well as an oversecretion of hormones from the adrenal glands. At the same time, your hands may get sweaty and your heart thump, proof again of the interconnection between the bodys systems.

Why Does Your Hair Turn Gray?

Scientists are still puzzling over this one. They know that hair colour is due to tiny pigment granules scattered along the inside of the hair shaft. They also know that these pigments are produced by cells near the hair root, and are deposited in the shaft as it forms. But researchers still dont understand the exact chemical process that takes place in the hair bulb and causes the pigment cells to stop producing colour. Most people develop noticeable gray hairs by their mid40s, although a lucky few make it to their 50s with no change in colour. Generally, blondes gray before brunettes. And, contrary to numerous ghost stories, there are no scientific data to show that hair can turn gray overnight (although rapid graying may be the result of disease). Unfortunately, the process is irreversible. Vitamins wont bring back that lost colour, either.What Is a Dimple? Its a shame that such a charming feature should have so mundane a cause, but here are the prosaic facts: The skin is attached to muscles underneath the surface, and some people have an extra point of attachment, usually on the cheek. When the facial muscles contract, they draw the skin up at that point, forming a dimple.

Why Do You Get Gooseflesh?

Remember the last time you stepped out of the shower into an air瞔onditioned room? A chill passed over your body, leaving your skin rippled with little bumps. What happened? Once again, an instantaneous reaction took place, triggered either physiologically by the cold or psychologically by fear or stress. The autonomic nervous system called into action a group of tiny muscles, each of which is linked to one of the millions of hair shafts all over your skin surface. When these muscles, medically known as the erector pili, contract, they lift the skin and hair attached to them. This closes off the pores and blood vessels, preventing heat loss. The result: gooseflesh.

Can You Really Be “Double Jointed”?

Boasting of their prowess, kids will try to impress their friends by performing such astounding feats as twisting their thumbs backward toward their forearms, or bend瞚ng their fingers into grotesque positions. But “double瞛ointedness” is a misnomer — its the ligaments, not the joints, that are responsible for these supple movements. Joints (“articulations,” as the medical books say) are the mooch fibrous sheaths at the end of every bone. Lined with cartilage and lubricated by the sticky fluid contained in small sacs known as bursas, joints — due to their unique construction — permit a certain amount of movement but also restrain us from moving in ways that may cause injury. Ligaments, tough but flexible ropes of fibrous tissue, hold the joints together and thus support the skeletal system. Because of their construction, some peoples ligaments stretch more than others, allowing for the increased agility that we have come to call double jointedness.

Why Do We Yawn?

Did you ever notice that when youre exhausted, drowsy, or simply bored, your breathing becomes shallow? Actually, your rate of respiration slows, too. Under normal circumstances, most people inhale and exhale 12-24 times a minute, bringing in 9-12 pints of air. But this rate can drop as low as 7 or 8 times per minute, as it does during sleep, for example. Although most people think carbon dioxide is “the bad guy” in terms of normalizing respiration (oxygen being “the good guy”) it is actually the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream that brings our respiration rate back up to normal when it starts to slide. Nerve cells in the respiratory centre (in the brain stem just above the spinal cord) are highly sensitive to carbon dioxide. When there is too much of it in the blood, the centre signals the lungs or respiratory muscles to breathe deeper and faster. At the same time, the autonomic nervous system (which controls internal organs, muscles, and nerves without your realizing it) signals the facial muscles around the jaw to contract into a yawn, forcing you to take an extra deep breath. The combination of these two movements helps eliminate the excess carbon dioxide. You could say that yawning provides an added boost that nudges the respiratory process along.

下面是一些你可能在預(yù)讀時(shí)寫(xiě)下的問(wèn)題:

1. What kinds of bodily activities are associated with anxiety?

2. Can hair graying be reversed?

3. Is “gooseflesh” a psychological or physiological phenomenon?

4. Is “double瞛ointed” behaviour quite abnormal?

5. Does yawning have a psychological effect on a physiological basis?

你所寫(xiě)下的或想到的問(wèn)題與以上的問(wèn)題一樣嗎？你是否在文章中找到答案？你應(yīng)該能在一分鐘內(nèi)找到文章大意。